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Museum of Physiology “George Kotzias”

Identity
The objectives of the "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum include A) Addressing the undergraduate and graduate teaching and research needs of the Medical School and other departments or schools of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens on issues that fall within the scope of the Museum, as defined in articles 1 &2 of its internal regulations. B) Collaboration with museums, research centers, and academic institutions in Greece and abroad, provided that their scientific objectives coincide with and complement those of the Physiology Museum "Georgios Kotzias." C) Participating in European educational and research programs relevant to the Museum's theme which contribute to the mobility and collaboration of researchers, exchanging teachers and students, and disseminating scientific knowledge and experience. D) Organizing scientific lectures, workshops, seminars, symposia, conferences, and other scientific events relevant to the Museum's subject and inviting Greek and foreign scientists of international esteem to these events. E) Contributing to the theoretical investigation or the applied undertaking of problems in the context of Physiology, in the whole spectrum of related or not scientific disciplines, such as Biology, Genetics, Archaeology, and History. F) The dissemination of academically cultivated knowledge to society as a whole.

History
The "Georgios Kotzias" Museum of Physiology of the Medical School of the School of Health Sciences of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, as described in article 297 of Law 5343/1932 (Government Gazette 86 A'), is part of the Department of Basic Medical Sciences and serves the research and educational needs in Physiology, supporting, in general, the development of basic and applied biomedical research. Its internal regulation was established and determined in Government Gazette 2350/Issue B', Act Number 230/16.06.2020. It is directed by a member of the Teaching and Research Staff (DEP) of the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with a specialty in "Experimental Physiology," elected per the proper procedure. The Director is responsible for the administrative and overall operation of the Museum and is assisted by a three-member Museum Committee. He coordinates and supervises the work of the Museum and chairs the Committee. The task of the Museum Committee is to tend to the collections and the building infrastructure, secure funds, manage the Museum's staff, and the institution's operational, educational, and research policy. The 'Georgios Kotzias' Museum of Physiology is staffed with a) members of the Teaching and Research Staff (DEP) of the Medical School, with a specialty in (Experimental) Physiology b) members of the Laboratory Teaching Staff (EDIP) c) members of the Special Technical Laboratory Staff (ETEP) d) members of other scientific, administrative and security personnel who are employed at the Museum per the applicable legislation.

Types of audiences
The "Georgios Kotzias" Museum of Physiology is addressed mainly to A) undergraduate and graduate students, covering the teaching and research needs of the Medical School as well as departments or schools of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens on issues that fall within the scope of the Museum, B) to any museum, research center and academic institution in Greece and abroad whose scientific objectives, coincide, correspond and match those of the "Georgios Kotzias" Museum of Physiology, C) private individuals, providing services per the Presidential Decree 159/1984 "Conditions for providing services by university laboratories to individuals and any legal entity or organization" (A53), D) to the society as a whole aspiring to spread the academically cultivated knowledge.

Collections & Exhibitions
The Museum's collections are classified into thematic units and, in particular, into two (2) specialized groups: a) the historical instruments of Physiology and b) the historical archive of G. Kotzias. The number of the collections can increase on the recommendation of the Director of the Museum. The collections' management aims to systematically preserve, exhibit, and develop their content and enrich the relevant scientific data on their origin and documentation. The Museum compiles archives of recordings, visual material, and other documenting material for its collections. The documentation concerns the conventional, computerized and digitized process of collecting, organizing, storing, and distributing the information related to the origin and scientific study of the objects of the collections. The management of the collections aims at the systematic preservation, use, exhibition, and development of the number of objects and the relevant scientific information for their origin and documentation. Indicatory material of the most important exhibits of the Museum of Physiology "Georgios Kotzias" is included in an accompanying archive posted on the appropriate digital platform.

Events & Activities
The "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum engages in the following: A) organizing scientific lectures, workshops, seminars, symposia, conferences, and other scientific events and inviting Greek and foreign scientists of international esteem to such events, B) compiling and presenting temporary or permanent physiology or related content exhibitions throughout the country, C) hosting, as in permanently or temporarily borrowing exhibits from other collections or museums and exhibiting them in its premises, D) participating in European educational and research projects that contribute to the researchers’ mobility and collaboration, the exchange of teachers and students and the dissemination of scientific knowledge and experience.

Accessibility
The "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum is fully accessible to physically challenged people through a special lift that can carry wheelchairs of large dimensions and weight up to the Museum level (elevated ground floor).

Terms of Operation
The "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum operates and is open to visitors on working days and hours, and it can run on weekends and holidays, upon request and arrangement.
Director: Anastasios Filippou, Associate Professor, Medical School.

Decision of Establishment
Government Gazette 2350/Issue B', Act Number 230/16.06.2020
 

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General view of the "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Display case with instruments of the "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Display case with documents from the historical archive of Georgios Kotzias.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Display case with documents from the historical archive of Georgios Kotzias.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Document from the historical archive of Georgios Kotzias, letter from the American President R. Nixon to G. K. Kotzias (30/12/1969).

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Wavemeter (Kymograph, Sherrington Stirling Recording Drum, C. F. Palmer, circa 1955) used to record muscle activity, changes in blood pressure, and other physiological functions, usually in experimental physiology and pharmacology laboratories. It consists of a motor and a rotating drum, bearing a recording sheet (usually smoked paper) on which a stylus moves.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Breathing apparatus (CF Palmer, London, 1935), a device consisting of an adjustable pump (left), which is driven by a motor (center) and provides controlled pressure to the unconscious animal through tubes connected to the lungs. The exhaled or inhaled volume of air can be recorded on a wavemeter.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Pantostat, a device developed around 1910-1920 and used until 1966. It provided electric power for various electrodiagnostics and electrotherapy, offering a variety of therapeutic applications ranging from the four-container galvanic bath to vibration massages.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Fluid outflow recorder (Gaddum's Outflow Recorder, 1929), used to record the outflow of liquids or blood from small vessels in laboratory animals. The liquid enters, flows into a tube, and exits it. Hence, the air is displaced, and the volume recorder carries this movement and records it on a smoked drum.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Stanley Fuller's Spiral calculator (Model 1953), made of mahogany and brass by W.F. Stanley (London, England) consists of 3 hollow cylinders, 2 of which slide inside, up and down, and around the middle cylinder (shaft) containing charts and equations. A single logarithmic scale 12.7 meters long is wrapped around the outer cylinder to allow calculations.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Coil (Electromagnetic) Induction Coil (possibly of the 1950s). Induced currents were often used in physiological experiments. Sequential inductive electric shocks do not have a strong or have very little influence on the normal functioning of tissues, and the intensity of these electric shocks can gradually advance accurately. This makes the induced current a valuable stimulus in physiological experiments.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Meter used in a wide range of laboratory applications, such as hematology, botany, entomology, geology, oceanography, in medical and other scientific laboratories. For example, the relative distribution of blood cells gave information about the patient's immune status. The lock adding machine locks all meters every 100 measurements. A release button quickly unlocks the meter for the following 100 measurements.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Pigment - Iosin powder in a glass bottle from the microscope manufacturing company Leitz, early 20th century. (1900-1920). Haematoxylin-Eosin staining has widespread use in Histology. It is used for the general evaluation of the image of the tissue when observing it under the microscope.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Photonic Microscope (Reichert, ~1946) Microscope in excellent working condition and transformer that supplies the lamp and the cooling fan of the microscope.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Device for measuring the range of eye movement. Our eyes cannot make all moves in any direction. They operate within the boundaries of the Listing Law and the Listing Field. This instrument helps determine eye movements and diagnose conditions, such as strabismus.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Myographer (Spring Myograph, 1891). The myographer is a device used to measure the force produced by a muscle during its contraction. The technique of electromyography is used to measure the electrical activity of the muscle instead of the produced power.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Galvanometer (Mirror), KIPP Delft-Holland Galvanometer - Siemens & Halske, ca. 1920. The galvanometer was discovered in 1800. It works by diverting an indicator in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a fixed magnetic field. It is used to detect a low electrical current or measure its magnitude. In particular, the mirror galvanometer has an alternative measuring mechanism connected to the (cast aluminum) casing at the bottom through (four) plug-in contacts.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Measuring ph. Device, 1959. Cambridge Instrument Company manufactured the device in London, a company founded in 1881 by Albert Dew Smith and Horace Darwin, the youngest son of Charles Darwin. The company's initial business activity was manufacturing and supplying instruments for the laboratories of the University of Cambridge.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum

Manometer, pulse and blood pressure measuring instrument. Airtight sealed metal case that connects through elastic pipes, on the one hand with the cuff and on the other hand with a pump that allows the desired pressure to be applied to the system. There are two dials in the case. The large dial with the long needle, the oscillometer, shows the arterial oscillations by increasing them. The small dial, the manometer, shows the pressure in centimeters of the mercury column inside the device.

© "Georgios Kotzias" Physiology Museum